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美國共和黨的外交政策 / The Foreign Policy of the Republican Party of the United States
文章
距離美國大選還有約60 天,目前民調數據顯示共和黨特朗普稍為落後賀錦麗。以特朗普一貫的風格,9 月10 日由美國廣播公司(ABC)主辦的電視辯論將會是他扳回一局的擂台,估計兩黨的外交政策會是辯論的重點之一。
一直以來,共和黨政客在外交政策上爭論不休,我認為要由美國「門羅主義」(Monroe Doctrine)的歷史背景說起。自18 世紀以來,「門羅主義」由美國第五任總統、共和黨的主要領導之一詹姆斯.門羅提出,並成為美國外交政策的基礎,所指的是美國不干預當時的歐洲殖民地、不參與歐洲國家內部事務;但若歐洲國家進一步對北美或南美的土地建立殖民地或干預政權,則會視為對美國國安威脅的侵略行為,美國政府會介入。例如在第一次世界大戰期間,美國首次有船隻被德軍擊沉便成為美國參戰導火線。
再者,「門羅主義」是孤立主義的體現,認為美國若要維持霸權地位,便要獨善其身。這主張反映在共和黨的外交政策上。根據《新聞周刊》(Newsweek),假設特朗普能回朝,共和黨將會有幾位在外交議題上很有影響力的政客加入內閣。在外交議題上,共和黨現有三種主張,以「優先派」為例,以凡事都有優先秩序的宗旨,反對美國參與全球化。比方說,在對華議題上,「優先派」認為中國強大,所以應先集中抗衡中國。相較而言,援助烏克蘭沒那麼重要。持這種思想的多為Generation X(於1965 至1980年出生) 和Generation Y( 於1981 至1996 年出生)人士,如現時44 歲的共和黨密蘇里州的聯邦參議員Josh Hawley,他認為美國人民將會承受全球化主義外交政策之苦;而想要全球干預的人士多為boomers(於1946至1954年出生)人士。
相對而言,民主黨的外交路線較為統一,內部爭拗較少,例如在俄烏戰爭上,民主黨支持烏克蘭對抗俄國,亦支持向以色列繼續輸送軍火來對付哈馬斯。因此,賀錦麗在辯論時可能會攻擊特朗普共和黨的外交路線搖擺不定。
The Foreign Policy of the Republican Party of the United States
With about 60 days left until the U.S. election, current polls show that the Republican Party's Trump is slightly behind Kamala Harris. In Trump's consistent style, the televised debate hosted by the American Broadcasting Company (ABC) on September 10 is expected to be his stage to turn the tables. It is estimated that the foreign policies of the two parties will be one of the key points of the debate.
Throughout, Republican politicians have been debating foreign policy. I believe we should start with the historical background of the Monroe Doctrine in the United States. Since the 18th century, the Monroe Doctrine, proposed by James Monroe, the fifth President of the United States and a key leader of the Republican Party, has become the foundation of U.S. foreign policy. It states that the United States will not interfere in the European colonies at the time and will not get involved in the internal affairs of European countries. However, if European countries further establish colonies or interfere with territories in North or South America, it will be seen as a threat to U.S. national security, and the U.S. government will intervene. For example, during World War I, the sinking of American ships by the German Navy became a catalyst for U.S. involvement.
Furthermore, the Monroe Doctrine embodies isolationism, believing that for the United States to maintain its dominant position, it must look out for itself. This assertion is reflected in the Republican Party's foreign policy. According to Newsweek, assuming Trump can return to power, several influential politicians in the Republican Party will join the cabinet on foreign policy issues. Within foreign policy, the Republican Party currently has three main positions. Taking the 'Priority Faction' as an example, which prioritizes everything in a specific order and opposes U.S. participation in globalization. For instance, on issues concerning China, the 'Priority Faction' believes that since China is powerful, the focus should be on countering China first, while assistance to Ukraine is less critical. Those who hold this ideology are mostly Generation X (born between 1965 and 1980) and Generation Y (born between 1981 and 1996) individuals, like the current 44-year-old Republican Senator from Missouri, Josh Hawley. He believes that the American people will suffer under globalist foreign policies. Individuals who support global intervention are mostly baby boomers (born between 1946 and 1954).
In contrast, the Democratic Party's foreign policy is more unified with less internal strife. For example, in the Russia-Ukraine conflict, the Democratic Party supports Ukraine against Russia and also supports continuing to supply arms to Israel to combat Hamas. Therefore, Kamala Harris may attack Trump and the Republican Party for their inconsistent foreign policy during the debate.
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